A comprehensive approach to evaluating watershed models for predicting river flow regimes critical to downstream ecosystem services

Selection of strategies that help reduce riverine inputs requires numerical models that accurately quantify hydrologic processes. While numerous models exist, information on how to evaluate and select the most robust models is limited. Toward this end, we developed a comprehensive approach that helps evaluate watershed models in their ability to simulate flow regimes critical to downstream ecosystem services. We demonstrated the method using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), the Hydrological Simulation Program–FORTRAN (HSPF) model, and Distributed Large Basin Runoff Model (DLBRM) applied to the Maumee River Basin (USA). The approach helped in identifying that each model simulated flows within acceptable ranges. However, each was limited in its ability to simulate flows triggered by extreme weather events, owing to algorithms not being optimized for such events and mismatched physiographic watershed conditions. Ultimately, we found HSPF to best predict river flow, whereas SWAT offered the most flexibility for evaluating agricultural management practices.     

A data porting tool for coupling models with different discretization needs

The presented work is part of a larger research program dealing with developing tools for coupling biogeochemical models in contaminated landscapes. The specific objective of this article is to provide researchers with a data porting tool to build hexagonal raster using information from a rectangular raster data (e.g. GIS format). This tool involves a computational algorithm and an open source software (written in C). The method of extending the reticulated functions defined on 2D networks is an essential key of this algorithm and can also be used for other purposes than data porting. The algorithm allows one to build the hexagonal raster with a cell size independent from the geometry of the rectangular raster. The extended function is a bi-cubic spline which can exactly reconstruct polynomials up to degree three in each variable. We validate the method by analyzing errors in some theoretical case studies followed by other studies with real terrain elevation data. We also introduce and briefly present an iterative water routing method and use it for validation on a case with concrete terrain data.     

Advancements in the design and validation of an air pollution integrated assessment model for Spain

This paper describes the design and application of the Atmospheric Evaluation and Research Integrated model for Spain (AERIS). Currently, AERIS can provide concentration profiles of NO₂, O₃, SO₂, NH₃, PM, as a response to emission variations of relevant sectors in Spain. Results are calculated using transfer matrices based on an air quality modelling system (AQMS) composed by the WRF (meteorology), SMOKE (emissions) and CMAQ (atmospheric-chemical processes) models. The AERIS outputs were statistically tested against the conventional AQMS and observations, revealing a good agreement in both cases. At the moment, integrated assessment in AERIS focuses only on the link between emissions and concentrations. The quantification of deposition, impacts (health, ecosystems) and costs will be introduced in the future. In conclusion, the main asset of AERIS is its accuracy in predicting air quality outcomes for different scenarios through a simple yet robust modelling framework, avoiding complex programming and long computing times.     

An economic–ecological model to evaluate impacts of nutrient abatement in the Baltic Sea

This paper presents a coupled economic–ecological model that integrates a catchment model with a marine model and incorporates economic data to analyse the long-term economic and ecological consequences of nutrient abatement in the Baltic Sea. The spatially explicit model describes dynamics of soil phosphorus in arable land, developments of nutrient concentrations and phytoplankton biomass in the sea basins, and inter-annual variation in nutrient loads and biophysical processes. The performance of the model is demonstrated by computing the least-cost solution to reach the good environmental state of the sea – as implied by the Baltic Sea Action Plan – within a time span of 40 years. The total cost of achieving this target is 1487 M€ annually. Spatially optimal allocation of load reductions differs from the load reduction targets of the Baltic Sea Action Plan, and focuses more on the control of phosphorus loads.     

基于同构多核处理器的任务调度

随着现代应用对计算机性能要求的提高,计算机主频不断提升。由于功耗和半导体工艺的限制,仅靠提高单核主频难以继续维持“摩尔定律”,同构多核处理器（Homogeneous Multi-core）应运而生。在同构多核处理器的支持下,一个芯片汇集多个地位对等、结构相同的通用处理器核,以最小的代价满足了提高系统性能、负载均衡、处理器容错的需要。并行体系结构需要结合与之适应的软件实现性能效益的倍增。本文从操作系统层面,针对处理器结构的变化,研究并实现多核任务调度。系统采用混合调度策略,簇间独立调度,簇内统一调度。从调度模式、调度算法、分配算法、调度时机等方面详细分析了多核调度的原理和实现机制。最后通过模拟实验证明功能正确性及算法可调度性。     

基于Web挖掘的用户兴趣建模方法的研究

基于用户兴趣的不同,研究如何针对用户的浏览行为来获取用户的有效兴趣数据,并根据现有用户兴趣模型存在的不足,结合Web挖掘中的相关技术,先显式构建用户兴趣模型,后隐式更新用户兴趣模型,从而实现能适应用户兴趣变化的用户兴趣模型。     

异构数据库数据迁移的研究与实现

数据是业务运转的基础．是企业的宝贵资产。企业在系统升级过程中往往会遇到数据迁移问题,由于新系统与旧系统经常存在数据结构异构的情况．使数据迁移工作难以实现。开发一款异构数据库数据迁移工具,该工具通过框架程序在ODBC（Open Database Connectivity）开发平台以及XML技术的支持下实现数据结构异构的数据库数据迁移。     

基于溢出性原理的联盟结构生成算法

联盟结构的生成问题中由于搜索空间的联盟结构数目太大,因而搜索联盟结构的最底两层建立一个最坏情况下的边界值是必要的,边界值将最优的联盟结构限制在某个限界内,通过进一步的搜索可以在任意时间内得到一个较优值。根据联盟的溢出性质,文中提出了一种新的建立边界值的方法,即对任意不相交的联盟集合计算其上下边界的值,通过搜索特定的联盟结构集合建立最坏情况下的边界值。联盟的边界值建立以后,可以在任意时间内得到一个较优值,通过搜索剩余的联盟结构集合,可以对边界值和返回的联盟结构进一步优化。在此基础上文中提出了基于溢出性质的任意时间算法。实验结果表明,采用新的方法建立边界值,使得算法的收敛速度更快,效率更高。     

基于语义的数据库关键词检索系统

数据库关键词检索技术是当前的一个重要研究方向,它结合了传统数据库结构化数据存储效率高和信息检索系统非结构化数据检索方便高效的优点。本文介绍一种基于语义的数据库关键词检索系统的设计与实现,该系统以企业级应用开发标准J 2EE为基础,结合数据库技术、语义Web技术和关键词检索技术,可实现关系数据库的语义理解和关键词检索。对系统实现涉及的主要技术点：倒排索引、概念相似度和语义计分公式进行了深入分析,提出一种改进的倒排索引结构和一个新的基于语义的信息检索计分公式。     

基于H.264的改进阈值的可变自适应十字搜索算法

H.264视频编解码标准的算法复杂度高,不能满足视频监控和无线传输中要求的高压缩比、低码率和实时性的要求,通过分析可知运算量最大的是运动估计模块,本文对该模块的算法进行优化。在ARPS算法的基础上结合预测的初始点和自适应调节臂长的搜索策略的优点,采用可变阈值的早期终止策略和简单的搜索模板的算法。实验表明该算法在有效减少搜索点数的情况下并不会对图像质量产生较大的影响,提高了运动估计算法的搜索速率和鲁棒性。